LGBTQ community, people of color in the crosshairs of banned book movement

Students in one Pennsylvania school district were not allowed to read a biography of the first Black president, Barack Obama.

In some Tennessee classrooms, a nonfiction comic book about the atrocities of the Holocaust is banned.

And one school district in Wisconsin banned from libraries a picture book about a gay rights activist who was assassinated.

In the last nine months, hundreds of books across dozens of states are being banned at an alarming rate. A majority of the bans feature books written by authors who are people of color, LGBTQ+, Black and Indigenous, and feature characters from marginalized groups.

And now, state Republicans lawmakers are joining the movement, spurred by ultra conservative groups, to ban books from public schools and libraries.

This year in Arizona, state Republicans put forth a measure that would ban schools from teaching or directing students to study any material that is “sexually explicit.” In Florida, Gov. Ron DeSantis recently signed a bill to allow parents greater opportunity to review, and potentially object to, school library books that they find “inappropriate.”

And in Idaho, state House Republicans passed a bill that would allow librarians to be prosecuted for allowing minors to check out material deemed harmful. 

Some of the states with the most aggressive book bans include Texas with 713 bans, Pennsylvania with 456 bans and Florida with 204 bans. 

Deborah Caldwell-Stone, the director of the American Library Association’s Office for Intellectual Freedom, said book bans the last 10 years have dealt “with the lives of LGBTQIA persons, either reflecting their experiences, or talking about issues of concern to the LGBTQIA community.”

She said those bans have ranged from picture books depicting same-sex couples to young adult books talking about gender identities.   

Caldwell-Stone said, “the one thing that has interrupted this” trend of banning books centered around LGBTQ+ themes comes after the 2020 murder of George Floyd by Minnesota police officer Derek Chauvin. 

“There was an increased number of challenges to books dealing with race and racism that accelerated when we started seeing complaints from organized groups about critical race theory,” she said.

“And so when I say critical race theory,” she said, “I’m not using it in the sense that it actually should be used, which is to describe a graduate level academic analysis of law and political systems, but this use of it to describe books and materials that offer alternative perspectives on American history that reflect the lives of Black persons and their experience of slavery, their experiences with police violence, and so we’ve seen a rising number of challenges to those books.”

Some of those groups that have challenged school boards include Moms for Liberty, an organization that has strong GOP ties and has local chapters that “target local school board meetings, school board members, administrators, and teachers” to push right-wing policies, as reported by Media Matters. Moms for Liberty has more than 100 local chapters across 35 states.

“We’re seeing nationally organized groups create local chapters, and use social media to amplify their demands,” Caldwell-Stone said. “They will tell you that they’re asserting parental rights to direct their children’s education, but the impact of their activities is to deny other parents the right to make decisions about their own children’s education, and particularly for older adolescents denying the First Amendment rights and agency for elder adolescents to read and access the materials they find important for their lives.”

Congressional Democrats have also raised concerns about the increase in book bans across the country. At a recent hearing, Maryland Democrat Rep. Jamie Raskin, cited a report by PEN America — an organization that advocates for the protection of free speech — that found from July 2021 to the end of March this year, more than 1,500 books were banned in 86 school districts in 26 states.

Ruby Bridges, a civil rights icon who was the first Black child to desegregate an all-white Louisiana school, was a key witness at the hearing. Children’s books about her story — “Brand New School, Brave New Ruby,” and “The Story of Ruby Bridges” — have been banned from classrooms in Pennsylvania. 

“The truth is that rarely do children of color or immigrants see themselves in these textbooks we are forced to use,” Bridges told lawmakers. “I write because I want them to understand the contributions their ancestors have made to our great country, whether that contribution was made as slaves or volunteers.”

Banning books is not a new thing, and since the 1980s, the American Libraries Association has celebrated those books that are taken off the shelves for its yearly Banned Books Week.

Books have been banned for racist depictions or language, such as “Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain and “Of Mice and Men” by John Steinbeck because of their racial slurs. And in 2021, Dr. Seuss Enterprises announced it would no longer reprint six Dr. Seuss books, including “And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street” and “If I Ran the Zoo.”

“These books portray people in ways that are hurtful and wrong,” Dr. Seuss Enterprises said in a statement.

But the uptick and rate at which books are now being challenged and banned in schools, has alarmed many freedom of speech advocates such as Jonathan Friedman, the Director of PEN’s Free Expression and Education program, and author of the report Raskin referred to during a House hearing.

“It’s not just a parent getting angry about a book in a one off fashion,” he said in an interview with States Newsroom.

Friedman said some parents or local activists will submit hundreds of books to be challenged and removed off shelves. 

“It’s happening all over, so it’s not just one part of the country. A list of books that might be deemed illicit by a group of parents in one state is being used in other states as well,” he said.

Friedman said he’s noticed most of the escalation of book banning happened in the fall of 2021, and pointed to a large swath of book bans that started in Leander, a school district in Texas. 

“I think a lot of the energy around that (trend), set off of anti-mask energy, and you know, sort of frustrations of a pandemic,” Friedman said.

During a school board meeting, a parent read an excerpt of “Out of Darkness” by Ashley Hope Pérez that has a euphemism for anal sex that is historically accurate for the time the book takes place in, which is the 1930s.

That book was one of 120 that students could choose from based off of an optional curriculum, such as a book club. 

“And in response, the district suspended the entire curriculum and launched a review, a kind of book by book review, much of it seemingly developing on the fly,” he said. “So they went through a year-long process, but some have serious questions about how much that process was conducted in a way that was fair.”

Banning books in the classroom is an issue the Supreme Court took up in 1982 in Island Trees School District v. Pico. In a 5-4 decision, the Court ruled in the student’s favor, affirming that the First Amendment limits the power of junior high and high school administrative officials to remove books from school libraries based on the books’ content.

But in that court decision, because “given the sensibilities of young people” schools were given discretion to remove books that were deemed “pervasively vulgar,” or “educationally unsuitable,” Caldwell-Stone said.

“Because the court really didn’t define these terms, they become a kind of magic word,” she said. “If we say those magic words that will make it legal for us to remove this book when, in fact, the actual motivation behind removing the book is because the book is about two gay teens finding each other and falling in love.”

Fifteen of the 26 states where States Newsroom has a newsroom have banned numerous books, including Kansas. Here is a list of the books that are most frequently banned in those school districts. Other states that have book bans include Alaska, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah and Washington State.

Florida

Seven school districts across Florida have banned 204 books.

Here are some of the books either banned or banned pending investigations across multiple districts:

• “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.
• “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” a young adult non-fiction memoir of George M. Johnson, consists of essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.
• “The Hate U Give” by Angie Thomas is a story about a teenager who witnesses a police officer murder her friend.
• “Beloved” by Toni Morrison is about a former slave who is haunted by her past and the traumas of slavery. 
• “The Bluest Eye,” also by Morrison, is about a young African American girl who grew up following the Great Depression.

Georgia

One school district in Georgia, Forsyth County Schools, banned 13 books, most of them pertaining to LGBTQ+ topics or centered on marginalized characters.

Some of those books include:

• “The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian,” Sherman Alexie’s story about a Native American teen who decided to go to an all white school off his reservation. 
• “Two Boys Kissing,” by David Levithan, a book based on the true story of two teen boys who participate in a 32-hour kissing marathon in an attempt to break a World Guinness Record. 
• “Out of Darkness,” by Ashley Hope Pérez, is a book about the love story of a Mexican American teen girl and African American teen boy in the 1930s that deals with themes of classism, racism and segregation.  

Iowa

Two school districts in Iowa have banned four books, with two of those books under current review.

Those books are:

• “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.
• “Lawn Boy,” Jonathan Evison’s semi-autobiographical coming of age novel about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. 
• “All Boys Aren’t Blue” by George M. Johnson is a young adult non-fiction memoir of Johnson, consisting of essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.

Kansas

Two school districts in Kansas, Goddard Public Schools and Derby Public Schools, banned 30 books total. 

Derby Public Schools only banned “The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian,” which Goddard Public Schools also banned. The book by Sherman Alexie tells the story about a Native American teen who decided to go to an all white school off his reservation.

Goddard Public Schools banned several books by Margaret Atwood, who famously wrote “The Handmaid’s Tale,” a dystopian story about the rise of a theocratic regime because of a fertility crisis in the U.S. They also banned “The Testaments,” by Atwood, which is a sequel to “The Handmaid’s Tale,” and also banned “The Handmaid’s Tale The Graphic Novel.”

Books about domestic terrorist groups and memoirs from LGBTQ+ authors were also banned. Some of those books include:

• “They Called Themselves The K.K.K.: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group,” by Susan Campbell Bartoletti documents how the group infiltrated American democracy.
• “Trans Mission: My Quest to a Beard,” by Alex Bertie tells the story of Bertie’s journey to transition and serves as a guide for trans teens going through that same journey.

Last week, Republican state Sen. Rick Kloos demanded immediate removal from Shawnee Heights High School of “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.

Maryland

Only one book is banned from libraries and classrooms in Maryland. Wicomico County School district banned “All Boys Aren’t Blue” by George M. Johnson, which is a young adult non-fiction memoir of Johnson, consisting of essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.

Michigan

Two school districts in the state have banned one book each. Novi Community School District banned “Lawn Boy” from libraries, a semi-autobiographical coming of age book by Jonathan Evison about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. 

Hudsonville Public Schools banned “Half of a Yellow Sun,” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The book tells the story of the Nigerian civil war through the eyes of several characters. 

Minnesota

The Wayzata Public School district banned “Lawn Boy,” Jonathan Evison’s semi-autobiographical coming of age story about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. 

Missouri 

Six school districts in Missouri banned 15 books, a majority of the books centered marginalized characters or contained characters that were trans — such as “The Breakaways,” which is a middle grade novel by Cathy G. Johnson about a group of girls joining a soccer team where one team member is transgender — or about books challenging police brutality such as “Dear Martin,” Nic Stone’s book about an Ivy League African American student who becomes a victim of racial profiling.

Here are some of the books either banned or banned pending investigations across multiple districts:

• “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” by George M. Johnson, a young adult non-fiction memoir of Johnson, consisting of essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia. The Wentzville school district banned this book while it’s under review.
• “Lawn Boy,” Jonathan Evison’s semi-autobiographical coming of age story about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. The Wentzville school district banned this book while it’s under review.
• “The Bluest Eye,” by Toni Morrison is banned in classrooms and libraries in the Wentzville school district. The book is about a young African American girl who grew up following the Great Depression.
• “This Book is Gay,” by Juno Dawson is a nonfiction young adult book about gender and sexuality. The Lindbergh School District banned this book from libraries. 
• “Heavy: An American Memoir,” by Kiese Laymon is a memoir that outlines the weight of being a Black man in America. The Wentzville school district banned this book while it’s under review.

New Jersey

Three school districts across the state banned three books that dealt with topics of racism, particularly about African Americans. 

Those books are:

• “Black and White,” by Paul Volponi, about two basketball players who are best friends, where one is white, and the other is Black. 
• “Ghost Boys,” by Jewell Parker Rhodes, about a 12-year-old boy who is shot and killed by a police officer who mistakes his toy gun for a real one. 
• “Our Skin: A First Conversation About Race,” by Megan Madison, a picture book to help children discuss the diversity of skin color. 

North Carolina

Two school districts banned six books in the state that discussed topics of racism and anti-Semitism.

Those books are:

• “Dear Martin,” Nic Stone’s book about an Ivy League African American student who becomes a victim of racial profiling.
• “Darkness Before Dawn,” the last book from author Sharon M. Draper’s trilogy, follows an African American teen who escapes an abusive relationship.  
• “Forged By Fire,” the second book in Draper’s trilogy, and follows an African American teen who struggles to cope with the loss of his aunt. 
• “To Kill a Mockingbird,” by Harper Lee, about a lawyer who defends an African American man who is falsely accused of raping a white woman. 
• “All American Boys,” by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, about two teenage boys who handle racism and police brutality. 
• “Night,” Elie Wiesel’s memoir about his experiences in a holocaust camp with his father. 

Ohio

One school district, Hudson City Schools, banned four books. 

Those books are:

• “A Girl on the Shore,” by Inio Asano is a manga about high school students who enter a casual sexual relationship. 
• “Lawn Boy,” Jonathan Evison’s semi-autobiographical coming of age story about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. 
• “642 Things to Write About,” by the San Francisco Writers’ Grotto is a book filled with writing prompts to help with writer’s block. Hudson Mayor Craig Shubert claimed some of the prompts exposed teens to child pornography because some of the exercises dealt with sex, as reported by cleveland.com. 
• “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.

Pennsylvania

Nine school districts in Pennsylvania have banned 456 books, particularly about biographies of people of color, books with LGBTQ+ characters and topics about racism.

Two books with multiple bans across districts were “Gender Queer: A Memoir” –  a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer – and “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” by George M. Johnson, a memoir about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.

Several books that were banned included biographies of prominent Black figures such as tennis champions Venus and Serena Williams, singer Celia Cruz, former president Barack Obama, among other historical figures.  

Books centered around marginalized groups’ history, such as “An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States” by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and “The Case for Loving: The Fight for Interracial Marriage” by Selina Alko were also banned from classrooms.

Tennessee

Four districts banned 16 books, from “Peter Pan” by J.M. Barrie to “Maus,” Art Spiegelman’s comic book about the atrocities of the holocaust. 

Virginia

Seven school districts banned 16 books across the state. 

The most commonly banned books were:

• “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” George M. Johnson’s young adult non-fiction memoir, consisting of essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.
• “Lawn Boy,” Jonathan Evison’s semi-autobiographical coming of age story about a Mexican American boy’s experience, touching on issues of race, class and sexuality. 
• “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.

Other books that were banned include “I’m A Gay Wizard,” by V.S. Santoni, which is a story about a gay teen and his best friend, a trans girl, who spend their summer getting involved in magic, and “The Poet X,” by Elizabeth Acevedo which is a novel about a teenage girl who works through her family issues by writing poetry. 

Wisconsin 

Two school districts in the state – Elmbrook School District and the School District of Cadott Community – banned five books from classrooms and libraries. 

Those books are:

• “Queer: The Ultimate LGBTQ Guide for Teens,” by Kathy Belge, which is a guidebook for teenagers about LGBTQ+ life.
• “This Book Is Gay,” by Juno Dawson, a nonfiction young adult book about gender and sexuality. 
• “The Baby Tree,” by Sophie Blackall, a children’s book about the basics of reproduction.
• “Protest Movements: Then and Now,” by Eric Braun, which outlines the civil rights movement of the ’60s to present day.
• “Pride: The Story of Harvey Milk and the Rainbow Flag,” by Rob Sanders, which is a picture book that tells the history of the Pride flag and the story of gay rights activist Harvey Milk.

Elsewhere

Here is a partial list of the books that have been banned across the country:

• “The Poet X,” by Elizabeth Acevedo, a novel about a teenage girl who works through her family issues by writing poetry. 
• “Half of a Yellow Sun,” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The book tells the story of the Nigerian civil war through the eyes of several characters. 
• “The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian,” Sherman Alexie’s story about a Native American teen who decided to go to an all white school off his reservation.
• “The Case for Loving: The Fight for Interracial Marriage” by Selina Alko
• “A Girl on the Shore,” by Inio Asano is a manga about high school students who enter a casual sexual relationship.
• “The Handmaid’s Tale,” Margaret Atwood’s dystopian story about the rise of a theocratic regime due to a fertility crisis in the U.S. Also Atwood’s “The Testaments,” by Atwood, which is a sequel to “The Handmaid’s Tale,” and  “The Handmaid’s Tale The Graphic Novel.”
• “Peter Pan” J.M. Barrie’s children’s tale about a boy who never wants to grow up.
• “They Called Themselves The K.K.K.: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group,” by Susan Campbell Bartoletti documents how the group infiltrated American democracy.
• “Queer: The Ultimate LGBTQ Guide for Teens,” by Kathy Belge, which is a guidebook for teenagers about LGBTQ+ life.
• “Trans Mission: My Quest to a Beard,” by Alex Bertie tells the story of Bertie’s journey to transition and serves as a guide for trans teens going through that same journey.
• “The Baby Tree,” by Sophie Blackall, a children’s book about the basics of reproduction.
• “Protest Movements: Then and Now,” by Eric Braun, which outlines the civil rights movement of the ’60s to present day.
• “This Book is Gay,” by Juno Dawson is a nonfiction young adult book about gender and sexuality. The Lindbergh School District banned this book from libraries.
• “Darkness Before Dawn,” the last book from author Sharon M. Draper’s trilogy, follows an African American teen who escapes an abusive relationship.  
• “Forged By Fire,” is the second book in Draper’s trilogy, and follows an African American teen who struggles to cope with the loss of his aunt.
• “Who is Barack Obama?” by Roberta Edwards, part of the “Who is” series of biographies for middle school students that also includes the banned “Who are Venus and Serena Williams?”
• The Breakaways,” a middle grade novel by Cathy G. Johnson about a group of girls joining a soccer team where one team member is transgender.
• “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” George M. Johnson’s young adult non-fiction memoir with essays about his life growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and Virginia.
• “Gender Queer: A Memoir,” a comic book by Maia Kobabe about Kobabe’s path to gender-identity as nonbinary and queer.
• “Heavy: An American Memoir,” by Kiese Laymon is a memoir that outlines the weight of being a Black man in America. The Wentzville school district banned this book while it’s under review.
• “To Kill a Mockingbird,” by Harper Lee, which is about a lawyer who defends an African American man who is falsely accused of raping a white woman. 
• “Two Boys Kissing,” by David Levithan, a book based on the true story of two teen boys who participate in a 32-hour kissing marathon in an attempt to break a World Guinness Record.
• “Our Skin: A First Conversation About Race,” by Megan Madison is a picture book to help children discuss the diversity of skin color. 
• “Beloved” by Toni Morrison is about a former slave who is haunted by her past and the traumas of slavery. 
• “The Bluest Eye,” also by Morrison, is about a young African American girl who grew up following the Great Depression.
• “An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States” by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
• “Out of Darkness,” by Ashley Hope Pérez, is a book about the love story of a Mexican American teen girl and African American teen boy in the 1930s that deals with themes of classism, racism and segregation.
• “All American Boys,” by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, is about two teenage boys who handle racism and police brutality. 
• “Ghost Boys,” by Jewell Parker Rhodes is about a 12-year-old boy who is shot and killed by a police officer who mistakes his toy gun for a real one. 
• “Pride: The Story of Harvey Milk and the Rainbow Flag,” by Rob Sanders, which is a picture book that tells the history of the Pride flag and the story of gay rights activist Harvey Milk.
• “I’m A Gay Wizard,” by V.S. Santoni, which is a story about a gay teen and his best friend, a trans girl, who spend their summer getting involved in magic
• “Dear Martin,” Nic Stone’s book about an Ivy League African American student who becomes a victim of racial profiling.
• “Maus,” Art Spiegelman’s graphic comic book about the atrocities of the holocaust. 
• “The Hate U Give” by Angie Thomas is a story about a teenager who witnesses a police officer murder her friend.
• “Black and White,” by Paul Volponi, is a book about two basketball players who are best friends, where one is white, and the other is Black.
• “Night,” Elie Wiesel’s memoir about his experiences in a holocaust camp with his father. 
• “642 Things to Write About,” by the San Francisco Writers’ Grotto is a book filled with writing prompts to help with writer’s block.

Correction: This story has been updated to reflect that the Pennsylvania school district reversed course after student-led protests.